![\"What](\"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/010315_1906_WhatisGISD1.png\")
<\/p>\nGeographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system build to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and display all kinds of spatial or geographical data. GIS application are tools that allow end users to perform spatial query, analysis, edit spatial data and create hard copy maps. In simple way GIS can be define as an image that is referenced to the earth or has x and y coordinate and it’s attribute values are stored in the table. These x and y coordinates are based on different projection system and there are various types of projection system. Most of the time GIS is used to create maps and to print. To perform the basic task in\u00a0GIS, layers are combined, edited and designed.<\/p>\n
GIS can be used to solve the location based question such as “What is located here” or Where to find particular features? GIS User can retrieve the value from the map, such as how much is the forest area on the land use map. This is done using the query builder tool. Next important features of the GIS is the capability to combine different layers to show\u00a0new information. For example,\u00a0you can combine elevation data, river data, land use data and many more to show information about the landscape of the area. From map you can tell where is high lands or where is the best place to build house, which has the river view . GIS helps to find new information.<\/p>\n
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Gis Model A geographic information system (GIS) lets us visualize, question, analyze, and interpret data to understand relationships, patterns, and trends. (ESRI) In the strictest sense, a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information (that is data identified according to their locations). (USGS) Modern GIS has seen series of development. GIS has evolved with the computer system. Here are the brief events that has happened for the development of the GIS system.<\/p>\n Year 1854<\/strong> – The term GIS that used scientific method to create maps was used by John Snow in 1854. He used points on London residential map to plot outbreak of Cholera.<\/p>\n John Snow Cholera Outbreak Map Year 1960<\/strong> – Modern computerized GIS system began in year 1960.<\/p>\n Year 1962<\/strong> \u2013 Dr. Roger Tomlinson created and developed Canadian Geographic Information System (CGIS) to store, analyze and manipulate data that was collected for the Canada Land Inventory (CLI). This software had the capacity to overlay, measurement and digitizing (converting scan hardcopy map to digital data). It is never provided in commercial format but Dr. Tomlinson is the father of GIS.<\/p>\n Dr. Roger Tomlinson (1933-2014) Year 1980 <\/strong>\u2013 This period saw rise of commercial GIS software’s like M&S Computing, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) and Computer Aided Resource Information System (CARIS). These all software were similar to CGIS with more functionality and user-friendliness. Among all the above the most popular today is ESRI products like ArcGIS, ArcView which hold almost 80 % of global market.<\/p>\n Hardware:<\/strong> Hardware is the physical component of the computer and GIS runs on it. Hardware may be hard disk, processor, motherboard and so on. All these hardware work together to function as a computer. GIS software run on these hardware. Computer can be standalone called desktop or server based. GIS can run on both of them.<\/p>\n Software: <\/strong>GIS Software provides tools and functions to input and store spatial data or geographic data. It provides tool to perform geographic query, run analysis model and display geographic data in the map form. GIS software uses Relation Database Management System (RDBMS) to store the geographic data. Software talks with the database to perform geographic query.<\/p>\n Data:<\/strong> Data are the fuel for the GIS and the most important and expensive component. Geographic data are the combination of physical features and it’s information which is stored in the tables. These tables are maintained by the RDBMS. The process of capturing the geographic data are called digitization which is the most tedious job. It is the process of converting scanned hardcopy maps into the digital format. Digitization is done by tracing the lines along the geographic features for example to capture a building you will trace around the building on the image.<\/p>\n People: <\/strong>People are the user of the GIS system. Raster Data:<\/strong> Raster data store information of features in cell based manner. Satellite images, photogrammetry and scanned maps are all raster based data. Raster model are used to store data which varies continuously as in aerial photography, a satellite image or elevation values (DEM- Digital Elevation Model).<\/p>\n Vector Data:<\/strong> There are three types of vector data, points, lines and polygons. These data are created by digitizing the base data. They store information in x, y coordinates. Vectors models are used to store data which have discrete boundaries like country borders, land parcels and roads.<\/p>\n Advantage and Disadvantage of using raster and vector Data Raster Formats Vector Formats Tech Tip: <\/strong><\/span>Experience the ease of comfort to load\/access your essential GIS applications at your convenience with remote accessibility on any device(PC\/android\/iOS) with virtual PCs from www.CloudDesktopOnline.com<\/a> with 24*7 top-notch technical support from one of the best DaaS providers \u2013 Apps4Rent<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system build to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and display all kinds of spatial or geographical data. GIS application are tools that allow end users to perform spatial query, analysis, edit spatial data and create hard copy maps. In simple way GIS can be define as an image […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":52,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[14,10,9,11,13,12,7,6,8,5],"class_list":["post-49","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-what-is-gis","tag-advantage-of-gis","tag-component-of-gis","tag-definition-of-gis","tag-dr-roger-tomlinson","tag-how-gis-works","tag-john-snow-cholera-outbreak-map","tag-raster-data","tag-software","tag-vector-data","tag-what-is-gis","entry","has-media"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=49"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/52"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=49"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=49"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=49"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\nHow GIS Works:
\n<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
Visualizing Data: The geographic data that is stored in the databases are displayed in the GIS software.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nCombining Data: Layers are combined to form a maps of desire.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nThe Query: To search the value in the layer or making a geographic queries.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nDefinition by others:
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\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\nAdvantage of GIS:
\n<\/span><\/h3>\n\n
Better decision made by government people<\/div>\n<\/li>\nImprove decision making with the help of layered information<\/div>\n<\/li>\nCitizen engagement due to better system<\/div>\n<\/li>\nHelp to identify communities that is under risk or lacking infrastructure<\/div>\n<\/li>\nHelps in identifying criminology matters<\/div>\n<\/li>\nBetter management of natural resources<\/div>\n<\/li>\nBetter communication during emergency situation<\/div>\n<\/li>\nCost savings due to better decision<\/div>\n<\/li>\nFinding different kinds of trends within the community<\/div>\n<\/li>\nPlanning the demographic changes<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHistory of GIS:
\n<\/span><\/h3>\n![\"John](\"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/010315_1906_WhatisGISD2.jpg\")
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\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n![\"Dr.](\"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/010315_1906_WhatisGISD3.jpg\")
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\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nComponent of GIS:
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\n<\/strong>People use all above three component to run a GIS system. Today’s computer are fast and user friendly which makes it easy to perform geographic queries, analysis and displaying maps. Today everybody uses GIS to perform their daily job.<\/p>\nTypes of GIS Data:
\n<\/span><\/h3>\n![\"Raster](\"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/010315_1906_WhatisGISD4.png\")
<\/p>\n![\"Vector](\"https:\/\/grindgis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/010315_1906_WhatisGISD5.png\")
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Raster data model record value of all the points of the area covered which required more data storage than model represented by the vector model.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nRaster data is less expensive to create computationally compare to vector graphics.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nRaster data has issue while overlaying multiple images.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nVector data are easily overlaid, for example overlaying roads, rivers, land use are easier than raster data.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nVector data are easier to scale, re-project or register.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nVector data are more compatible with the relational database management system.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nVector file sizes are way smaller than raster image file sizes.<\/div>\n<\/li>\nVector data are easier to update like adding river stream but has to be recreated for the raster image.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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ADRG<\/strong> \u2013 ARC Digitized Raster Graphics<\/div>\n<\/li>\nRPF<\/strong> \u2013 Raster Product Format, military<\/div>\n<\/li>\nDRG<\/strong> \u2013 Digital raster graphic<\/div>\n<\/li>\nECRG <\/strong>\u2013 Enhanced Compressed ARC Raster Graphics<\/div>\n<\/li>\nECW<\/strong> \u2013 Enhanced Compressed Wavelet (from ERDAS<\/div>\n<\/li>\nEsri grid<\/strong> \u2013ASCII raster formats used by ESRI<\/div>\n<\/li>\nGeoTIFF<\/strong> \u2013 TIFF variant enriched with GIS relevant metadata<\/div>\n<\/li>\nIMG<\/strong> \u2013 image file format used by ERDAS<\/div>\n<\/li>\nJPEG2000<\/strong> \u2013 Open-source raster format<\/div>\n<\/li>\nMrSID<\/strong> \u2013 Multi-Resolution Seamless Image Database<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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AutoCAD DXF<\/strong> \u2013AutoCAD DXF format by Autodesk<\/div>\n<\/li>\nCartesian coordinate system (XYZ)<\/strong> \u2013 simple point cloud<\/div>\n<\/li>\nDLG<\/strong> \u2013 Digital Line Graph (USGS format)<\/div>\n<\/li>\nGML<\/strong> \u2013 Geography Markup Language \u2013 Open GIS format used for exchanging GIS data<\/div>\n<\/li>\nGeoJSON <\/strong>\u2013 a lightweight format based on JSON, used by many open source GIS packages<\/div>\n<\/li>\nGeoMedia<\/strong> \u2013 Intergraph’s Microsoft Access based format for spatial vector storage<\/div>\n<\/li>\nISFC<\/strong> \u2013 Intergraph’s MicroStation based CAD solution<\/div>\n<\/li>\nKeyhole Markup Language KML<\/strong> \u2013 Keyhole Markup Language a XML based<\/div>\n<\/li>\nMapInfo TAB format<\/strong> \u2013 MapInfo’s vector data format<\/div>\n<\/li>\nNTF<\/strong> \u2013 National Transfer Format<\/div>\n<\/li>\nSpatialite<\/strong> \u2013 is a spatial extension to SQLite,<\/div>\n<\/li>\nShapefile<\/strong> \u2013 Most popular vector data developed by Esri<\/div>\n<\/li>\nSimple Features<\/strong> \u2013 specification for vector data<\/div>\n<\/li>\nSOSI <\/strong>\u2013 a spatial data format used for all public exchange of spatial data in Norway<\/div>\n<\/li>\nSpatial Data File<\/strong> \u2013 Autodesk’s high-performance geodatabase format<\/div>\n<\/li>\nTIGER<\/strong> \u2013 Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing<\/div>\n<\/li>\n(VPF)<\/strong> \u2013 Vector Product Format<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n